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It is recommended to adopt saturated brine drilling fluid or oil-based drilling fluid and increase the upper density limit of the drilling fluid used in salt layers to 1.70 g/cm³.
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To evaluate whether the cement will fail or not under a wellbore pressure increase, one must know the tensile strength and elastic properties of the cement as well as that of the rock. ... Although the production has vastly increased due to implementation of techniques like fracking and horizontal well (Li et al., 2017, ... "Cement sheath ...
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Dissolved salts may vary between 0 to over 200,000 ppm. Pore Pressure gradient: Pure water = 0.433 psi/ft. Saltwater = 0.442-0.478 psi/ft. Most geographical area = 0.465 psi/ft (assumes 80,000 ppm salt content) – normal pressure gradient/hydrostatic pressure. P Gradient – PSI/FT. P Gradient – KG/M 3. West Texas.
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When the salt-gypsum rock deposits undergo high stress and temperature conditions over a geological time scale, the existing differential stress between …
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carbonate alkalinity. However, drilling operations will be impeded due to high concentrations of calcium, and have major adverse effects on water-based muds. Calcium contamination can be occurred due to using hard make-up water (Ca++ > 400 mg/L) for …
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The OBM was bulked with either limestone, gypsum, or caliche, at a ratio of 3:1 or 1.5:1 bulking material/OBM. All mixtures were surface applied at equal TPH loading rates (8625 kg ha (-1)) and ...
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A thick high-pressure gypsum layer and shallow secondary high pressure gas reservoir are overlain in Block B of the Amu Darya in Turkmenistan, and the lower …
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Pressure exerted by the weight of a static column of fluid. It is a function of fluid specific gravity and of vertical height of the fluid. Ph = d * g * H. With Ph = hydrostatic pressure (Pascal) d = Fluid specific gravity (kg/m 3) H = Vertical height of fluid (m) Using well site units, the formula becomes: Ph = H*d. 10.
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The problem of lost circulation occurred long during the drilling operation. Through induced and natural fractures, huge drilling fluid losses lead to higher operating expenses during the drilling. Historically, this problem was addressed with the help of the Lost Circulation Materials (LCMs). These materials are added to the drilling fluid to seal …
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1. Introduction. Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) is an osmotically-driven membrane (OM) process, where water flows from a low-salinity feed solution (FS) to a high-salinity draw solution (DS) against a hydraulic pressure (Achilli and Childress, 2010, Ramon et al., 2011, Zhao et al., 2012).It has gained much interest for its potential in …
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Sand production is a common problem particularly in shallow, unconsolidated reservoirs. The increased stresses due to fluid flow towards the production well and the pore pressure changes can exceed formation strength and initiate sand production (Penberthy and Shaughnessy 1992). The sand production increases …
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around 9 mtpa against the production of 12 mtpa; due to increasing local demand, total exports are expected to remain capped between 2-3 mtpa. In addition, the increasing gypsum production cost and high inflation in Iranian economy will affect local gypsum production and exports. Iran exports its gypsum to Kuwait, UAE, and India, among …
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In 2020, global FGD gypsum production reached an estimated 255 million tons, primarily in Asia (55%), followed by Europe (22%), North America (18%), and the rest of the world (5%). ... (∼13 %) of lightweight gypsum materials with NaHCO 3 dosage due to an increase in the porosity of materials [93]. Modification in bulk density of FGDG blocks ...
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We can normally calculate the bottom hole pressure from the drill pipe and the annulus side. BHP = Hydrostatic Pressure in the DP + The surface pressure In the pipe. BHP = Hydrostatic Pressure in the annulus + the surface pressure in the annulus. BHP = 0.052 x TVD x Fluid Density + Surface Pressure. In some well control situations, …
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Due to the creep and weak mechanical strength of the salt, perturbations or anomalies of stress and pore pressure often occur in the sediments around salt, leading to the risk of wellbore drilling and even drilling failure. The drilling problem near salt structures still has not been well solved, and has become a challenge in petroleum …
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Gypsum solubility was found to increase with increasing pressure. •. Gypsum solubility was found to decrease with increasing CO 2 concentration. •. Excellent agreement found between experimental results and PHREEQC v3 calculations. •. In the range of 25–150 °C, increasing temperature leads to decreasing solubilities.
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The United States is currently experiencing an oil and gas drilling boom. There are approximately 910,000 and 4900 onshore and offshore oil and natural gas …
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To simplify the chemical reaction process and eliminate the effects of ettringite formation, the suitable materials for the research on the sulfate attack caused by gypsum formation are the cement minerals: C 3 S or C 2 S. In this study, two kinds of C 3 S were used. A limited amount available as a gray powder alite was provided by Concrete …
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Abstract. Gypsum plasterboards are nowadays very appreciated in buildings, mainly due to their lightness, thermal insulation and suitable sound transmission loss when used in double walls. However thermal and acoustic features of gypsum plasterboard can be enhanced. In the present study an innovative method, consisting in the direct addition …
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1 A common method of drilling anhydrite or gypsum formations is to pre-treat the mud with thinners that works effectively in the presence of calcium and sulfates and alkali's. The contamination of the mud by the drilled calcium sulfate is nullified. If it is desired to maintain a fresh water mud after calcium sulfate contamination has ...
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The results can provide design basis for the selection of anti-creep drilling fluid density in the directional wells in the Kuqa Piedmont composite salt-gypsum layers. Fitting of n and A 0 Test ...
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The observation of gypsum formation in hardened cement paste prepared with C 3 A-free PC L (Fig. 10) that lead to a free expansion during storage in 3000 mg l −1 SO 4 2−, but did not cause expansion pressure larger than the initial tension, indicates that this type of gypsum formation can increase the volume of the overall sample but does ...
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Abstract. Deepwater drilling using high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) drilling fluids draws significant attention for the quest of increasing energy …
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As shallow oil and gas resources become scarce, exploring deep formations for oil and gas resources has become a long-term focus. However, the high compressive strength and poor drillability [1,2,3] of deep stratum rocks seriously restrict the development speed of deep oil and gas resources.To overcome this challenge, drilling speed …
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The results show that: (1) The drilling diameter (DDR) and drilling depth (DDH) of single-hole specimens negatively correlate with the peak-failure strength and …
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Drilling mud is manufactured and utilized by the drilling industry to help cool the drill bit, maintain borehole pressure, and aid in bringing the drill cuttings to the surface where the
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Flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) is an industrial by-product generated during the flue gas desulfurization process in coal-fired power plants. Due to its abundance, chemical and physical properties, FGDG has been used in several beneficial applications. However, during the past decade, the rate of beneficially used FGDG has …
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FGD Gypsum Production Process. Mineralogically identical to natural gypsum, FGD gypsum, or synthetic gypsum, is produced from gas captured within emission control systems at coal fired electric utilities. An …
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To mitigate the extent of the problem, this study proposes the application of innovative drilling technologies including casing while drilling to eliminate the casing …
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Geology and Mineralogy. Gypsum (CaSO 4 •2H 2 O), calcium sulfate dihydrate, has the unique property of releasing 1.5 molecules of water when heated to about 320-350 o F. The resulting chemical compound, calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CaSO 4 •½H 2 O) will, in turn, react with water to reform gypsum. This property is the basis for gypsum's ...
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